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Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia

‘akoko, ‘ākoko, ‘ekoko, koko, kōkōmālei

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or small trees (0.4–)1–8(–9) m tall.

Stems: Stems prostrate to erect, glabrous, flowering branches often nodose, 1–4(–6) mm in diameter.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, distichous. Blades narrowly obovate, (4–)10–70(–80) mm long, (3–)5–30(–40) mm wide. Apex acute to obtuse, retuse or mucronulate. Base cuneate to obtuse, oblique. Surfaces glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Margins entire. Petioles (0.5–)1–5(–6) mm long, glabrous to villous. Stipules acute to rounded–triangular, 1–4(–6) mm long, glabrous to villous, erose, ciliate.

Flowers: Flowers in cyathia in short or open branched cymes or solitary in the leaf axils, peduncles (0.5–)2–10(–19) mm long, glabrous to villous. involucre campanulate, (1–)1.5–3 mm high, 2–4mm wide, glabrous to villous, glands 4–5, green or red, glabrous to pilose. Flowers unisexual and highly reduced. Pistillate flowers solitary, on a gynophore; staminate flowers in 5 groups or cymules, each with 1 to several flowers. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Ovary superior; styles yellow, green, or red, bifid less than ½ to more than ½ their length, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm long, glabrous to pubescent; stigma thickened.

Fruit: Capsules green to brown; ovoid to rounded–triangular; (0.5–)2–4 mm long; glabrous to pubescent; gynophores erect; exserted 0.5–1 mm from involucre; glabrous to pubescent. Seeds brown to gray; (0.5–)1–2(–2.5) mm long; tetragonal to obcompressed; smooth to rugose.

Ploidy: 2n = ca. 38*

Habitat: Coastal vegetation and mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 0–365 m

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Endemic
Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Only found in cultivation
Nihoa Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:606 (N, Ni, K [as Chamaesyce celastroides var. celastroides]); Govaerts et al. 2000:692/Yang & Berry 2011 (Syn. C. c. var. celastroides = E. c. var. celastroides)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides SW of Haena, 0.5 mi in on Napali Coast trail Preserved_Specimen Henrickson, J.S. 3989 Kauai BISH 1969-07-31
2 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Polihale, near Barking Sands Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27285 Kauai BISH 1960-11-22
3 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanakapiai Valley, Napali Coast Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 833 Kauai BISH 1955-06-18
4 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides near summit, Tanager Peak Preserved_Specimen Yen, D.E. 1014 Nihoa BISH 1964-05-01
5 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nonou Mts Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 600 Kauai BISH 1916-10-16
6 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanamaulu Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 476 Kauai BISH 1909-12-01
7 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Haupu Range, left hand side of Kipu Kai Gap Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 726 Kauai BISH 1916-11-01
8 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Laaukahi, Haiku, crest of divide Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13480 Kauai BISH 1933-12-22
9 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides base of Miller's peak Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6547 Nihoa BISH 1980-07-27
10 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanapu, Lihue Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 20 Kauai BISH 1909-07-09
11 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nonou Mts Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 600 Kauai BISH 1916-10-16
12 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanakapiai Valley, Napali Coast Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 833 Kauai BISH 1955-06-18
13 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Started at jeep trail and followed ridge crest towards Nawiliwili -- 3 peaks covered Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2449 Kauai BISH 1972-05-29
14 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Honopu Beach Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. Kauai BISH 1984-07-19
15 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Haupu, Lihue Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2444 Kauai BISH 1909-03-18
16 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Barking Sands, great sand dune Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 110 Kauai BISH 1969-06-07
17 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast trail near Kee beach Preserved_Specimen Henrickson, J.S. 3889 Kauai BISH 1969-07-01
18 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Polihale Beach dune area Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1977-09-24
19 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kaali Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
20 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Niihau Preserved_Specimen Rémy, J. Niihau BISH 1851-01-01
21 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Honopu Valley Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1984-07-17
22 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Miller's Peak Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Nihoa BISH 1964-03-06
23 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kalalau Valley on cliffs Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. Kauai BISH 1984-07-18
24 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kaali Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
25 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides unknown Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. BISH 1864-01-01
26 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kawaihoa Point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Niihau BISH 1939-11-01
27 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides N Pohakukane, Haena ledges and grassy slopes Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12625 Kauai BISH 1939-12-23
28 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides summit Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 6 Nihoa BISH 1923-06-14
29 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Manoa Valley: University of Hawaii Manoa Campus, St. John Courtyard Preserved_Specimen Bennett, T. 62 Oahu BISH 1982-01-30
30 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides rocky slopes above middle cove over rocks; with Sida, Solanum Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 2405 Nihoa BISH 1964-09-23
31 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides No Pali Coast, foot trail from Kee Beach to Kalalau Valley, to 3 miles in Coastal cliffs with secondary vegetation and low native remnants including Metrosideros and Chamaesyce. Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5113 Kauai BISH 1987-03-11
32 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanalei, Napali Cliffs trail, ~2 mi from start at Kee Beach, Hanakapiai Beach steep slope, open, exposed; with Pandanus, Bidens, Sphenomeris, Aleurites, Paspalum, Carex, Lipochaeta Preserved_Specimen Gustafson, R. 2443 Kauai BISH 1981-07-26
33 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides N Mt. Haupu mesic dry forest; Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Pandanus tectorius, Psydrax odorata, Blechnum glandulosum; loose rocky soil Preserved_Specimen Trauernicht, C. 460 Kauai BISH 2008-04-18
34 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nonou Mt rocky, windswept ledges and exposed ridge tops Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2383 Kauai BISH 1972-04-11
35 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kilauea Crater hill Along crest of hill, with Lipochaeta, Portulaca, and Chenopodium. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-21
36 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kalalau trail, Honokoa Valley exposed ridges Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1474 Kauai BISH 1956-12-24
37 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hanalei District; Pohakuao Diverse lowland mesic forest; associated plants...Kalanchoe, Wikstroemia, Styphelia, Peucedanum, Chamaesyce, Bidens, Hibiscus, Schiedea apokremnos, Lobelia niihauensis, Erigeron, Hedyotis. Growing on razor back ridge above cliffs. Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 364 Kauai BISH 1990-06-08
38 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides top of Dog's Head Ergrostis variabilis, Sida fallax, Pritchardia remota, Sesbania tomentosa, Chenopodium, Chamaeyce celastroides, Tribulus cistoides, Heliotropium curassavicum, Schiedea verticillata, Portulaca villosa Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 19294 Nihoa BISH 2004-08-18
39 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nonou Mt rocky, windswept ridge Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1086 Kauai BISH 1968-04-26
40 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Polihale arid talus and ledges along coast Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27173 Kauai BISH 1960-11-22
41 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kaali Cliff Dry basalt talus slope; scrub of Leucaena glauca Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22836 Niihau BISH 1947-08-16
42 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast, trail between Hanakapiai Valley and Kee Beach Growing on cliff face above trail with other native species such as Bidens sandvicensis. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 195 Kauai BISH 1980-04-11
43 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Haupu, Kipu base of pali, wet Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13655 Kauai BISH 1933-12-25
44 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Lihue, Niumalu, Hoary Head Mts. below Keopaweo with Syzygium cumini, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Schinus, Psydrax, Desmodium, Oplismenus, Phymatosorus Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 3175 Kauai BISH 1988-10-14
45 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast, Honopu Beach Growing on sand dune with Scaevola taccada shrubs. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 22 Kauai BISH 1979-07-20
46 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nihoa Steep, rocky hillside Preserved_Specimen Judd, C.S. 5 Nihoa BISH 1923-06-20
47 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Koloa District. Surrounding gazebo on corner of NTBG's Administration Building (3530 Papalina Road). Cultivated.plant. Semi-landscaped area. 80% shade. W/Corymbia citriodora. Preserved_Specimen Walsh, S. 181 Kauai BISH 2015-12-18
48 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Just below summit of Nonou Mt Common along rocky, windswept ridge. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1086 Kauai BISH 1968-04-26
49 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Honopu Beach Growing along and dunes along with Scaevola taccada and grasses. Preserved_Specimen ESP Field Crew 22 Kauai BISH 1979-07-20
50 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides N of Barking Sands Growing only on sand dunes in hot arid region. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8090 Kauai BISH 1926-06-13
51 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Polihale arid talus and ledges along coast Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27173 Kauai BISH 1960-11-22
52 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides W Kawaihoa cone Ledge of steep gulch Preserved_Specimen Christensen, C. 110 Niihau BISH 1977-01-15
53 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kauai Preserved_Specimen Brodie, A. 4036 Kauai BISH
54 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Haupu northern cliffs and slopes, 90% open shrub/fernland, 10% sparse tree cover; Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma hawaiiense, Ilex anomala, Hedyotis terminalis, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, Bidens valida, Hedyotis fluviatilis, Melicope feddei, Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 1970 Kauai BISH 2005-08-07
55 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast, beteen Hoolulu and Hanakapiai Valleys Growing on cliff above trail with Bidens napaliensis, B. sandvicensis and introduced grasses. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 312 Kauai BISH 1980-04-10
56 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Waimea, Polihale State Park sand dunes; with Scaevola sericea, Dodonaea, Sida fallax, Myoporum, Leucaena, Prosopis Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5735 Kauai BISH 1988-01-15
57 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides W Nonou, Wailua open upper ridges Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 24928 Kauai BISH 1952-12-31
58 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides N of Barking Sands sand dunes, hot, arid Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8090 Kauai BISH 1926-06-13
59 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Lihue, Hoary Head range, between jeep track to Kipu Kai and Hokulei Peak dry forest Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2996 Kauai BISH 1988-06-09
60 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Hoalululu Valley, Hanakapiai open scrub, steep slope Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23161 Kauai BISH 1948-01-01
61 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast, between Hanakoa and Hanakapiai Valleys Growing on cliff above trail. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 193 Kauai BISH 1980-04-10
62 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Kawaihau District: Nonou Forest Reserve, crest of Sleeping Giant Mountain Secondary forest of guava, Java plum, and Schinus, with forestry plantings and rare native remnants. Locally dominant on open, windy E. slope of saddle, 1150 ft. Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5548 Kauai BISH 1987-09-13
63 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Nihoa rocks at edge of cliffs Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 64 Nihoa BISH 1923-06-17
64 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Along the great sand dune Barking Sands to Polihale Beach Extremely arid place. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 110 Kauai BISH 1969-06-07
65 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Na Pali Coast, Honopu Valley on cliff face near waterfall in secondary valley. Growing with Pisonia, Hibiscus saintjohnianus, and introduced such as Eugenia cumini and Pluchea odorata. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 374 Kauai BISH 1979-07-17
66 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides N end of Barking Sands, Waimea inland face of stabilized sand dune Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22963 Kauai BISH 1947-12-23
67 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides Polihale State Park, E of 1st pavillion, dunes back of beach Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2243 Kauai BISH 1987-07-14
68 Euphorbia celastroides var. celastroides near summit, Tanager Peak Preserved_Specimen Yen, D.E. 1014 Nihoa BISH 1964-05-01
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